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Boker Tov! Welcome back to Mishkan Katan. Thank you for tuning in. Go ahead and turn in your bibles to Psalm 104. I told you last week at the end of our session that I was thinking of continuing a bit further in Psalm 104 and expounding upon verse 26, which mentions the ancient being called Leviathan or, in Hebrew, Livyatan. Let’s begin by looking at that verse, from the CJB.
26 The ships are there, sailing to and fro;
Livyatan, which you formed to play there.
Even if you are a believer, a follower of Yeshua, for many years, it is likely you know little about the Livyatan. If you have encountered it in Scripture, you probably thought it was just some sort of mythological/allegorical reference and skipped right over it. In ancient civilizations’ writings, sea monsters or sea serpents are a common theme. The Hebrew Scriptures also have this theme, embodied in the Livyatan. In those Hebrew Scriptures, though, the Livyatan is a very important theme, particularly concerning the prophecies of the end times. The study of end times prophecies is called eschatology.
Jewish eschatology and Christian eschatology are very similar, which might surprise some of you. Why should we study Jewish eschatology alongside Christian eschatology?
Because of a lack of understanding of Judaism, Christian eschatology is often “replacement theology”, an interpretation which leaves lots of holes. When you
understand Jewish eschatology, what the Jews of Jesus’ day believed and what had been believed for hundreds of years, based on the Tanakh, you can then see that what is revealed in the New Testament completely jives with and builds upon that foundation.
The Jewish eschatology we are studying today is not modern-day Jewish eschatology; it is that which was taught and believed from prior to the time of Yeshua and on through His day.
The teaching of Jewish eschatology was heavily influenced by warfare. In the first century, after Yeshua’s ministry and return to Heaven, there were three wars:
The first one was from 66-73 CE. Mostly over by 70 CE, when Temple was destroyed; but Masada did not fall until 73 CE. That is when the first war was really and truly over.
The second wear was 116-119 CE. This is when the Alexandrian community was nearly wiped out by the Romans. This is when the great library in Alexandria was destroyed.
The third war was 132-135 CE. This was the Bar Kochba revolt. After this, Jews were no longer allowed into Jerusalem, except for one day per year.
Now, why am I mentioning all these 3 wars? Each of these three wars were instigated by Zealots, religious Jews who felt they could bring about the coming of Messiah and His Kingdom, by fighting political wars against the Romans. These Zealots misapplied prophecy. They were misdirected, misinformed. In part, they believed this because of their misinterpretation, but also they believed because the Maccabean Revolt just a few hundred years earlier had delivered Judah from the hands of the Greeks for a period of several decades.
The Great Jewish Eschatalogical Age lasted from about 300 BCE to the time of the Bar Kochba Revolt. After that time, the study of Jewish eschatology was pretty much “outlawed” by the influential rabbinate, the rabbis, BECAUSE, the misapplication of it had led to so much loss and destruction, i.e., the losses from the 3 Jewish wars just mentioned. We can read about these in the writings of Josephus and others. It was not until the 1980s that Jewish eschatology came into prominence again, and this was through the influence of the powerful Rabbi Schneerson, perhaps the most influential rabbi of the 20th century.
Very few print resources today on Jewish Eschatology, other than the Old Testament Scriptures themselves and the Mishnah. But, here are the best ones:
1. “Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era”, by George Foote Moore, is a great source
2. The Messiah Texts: Jewish Legends of 3000 years (I have that one.) by Raphael Patai
3. Rosh Hashanah and the Messianic Kingdom to Come (have it), by Joseph Good
4. The Pseudipigrapha, volumes 1 and 2, edited by James H. Charlesworth.
In Jewish eschatology the history of Israel was understood as being literal in its initial prophetic occurrence, but also prophetic in portraying what would occur in the future at the time of the coming of the Messiah. This time period was usually designated as The Day of the Lord, the time of the Birthpains, the time of Trouble, or Indignation. Every battle portrayed in the Tanakh was always viewed as having a dual fulfillment.
The powers or nations that surrounded Israel/Judah (such as Egypt, Assyria, Babylon and Tyre) were seen in their future prophetic understandings as not representing these nations or empires literally in their geographical or in reference to their nationalities, but rather as a typology of world powers in the end times.
Now, this morning, I am going to give you several Scripture references. But, it would take too long to read the many passages. Please write these down, if you want to go back and study them later. I mentioned a moment ago Joseph Good’s excellent book. Much of what I am sharing about the future fulfillment of eschatology through a merged Jewish/Christian lens, I have learned from Joe.
The first reference we have to Levyatan is in Genesis 1:26, a literal sea monster, at is creation by Hashem.
The next passage we are going to reference this morning is Daniel 7, which mentions four end-times “beasts”.
Jews saw this fourth beast as Leviathan, a seven-headed beast that lives in the middle of the sea. In Hebrew, this region was called Kittim, meaning Rome. (Daniel 11:30 and Numbers 24:24)
Joseph Good interprets the “Babylon” of end-times Scripture to be the USA. Scripture is clear that Babylon will be destroyed as the apocalyptic period begins. In Joe’s view, this will be the cataclysmic event that kicks off the Time of Jacob’s Trouble. When America is destroyed “in an instant”, the Scriptures say, the Americans scattered throughout the world will likely join themselves to the Leviathan - - a seven-headed beast that lives in the
sea. This is a world power. In Jewish eschatology, leviathan always refers to the false messiah, however.
Joseph believes this beast and false messiah, will come out of the revived Roman Empire, Western Europe.
“Seven heads” refers to a term to “around the world”, seven continents, a worldwide kingdom. Could also be a reference to Rome, the city of seven hills.
Next, we will examine Jeremiah 7:
Vs. 33-34 This whole passage is a double-reference prophecy. It points to the destruction of Jerusalem
by the Babylonians, and it also points to the destruction of the same area at the time of the end, during something called “the Feast of Levyathan (Leviathan).”
Now, to Jeremiah 19:1-6
In the end of days, the new name for this valley will be The Valley of Slaughter. This is a prophecy concerning the siege of Jerusalem, one of the battles of Armageddon, but not the final one.
Vs. 7-9 Cannibalism during the siege. Awful things!
Vs. 10-12 Jeremiah is standing at the Potter’s Gate (Dung Gate, Potsherd Gate), when he says these words.
Vs. 13-15 Starting in these verses, Jeremiah is on the Temple Mount. “And, he stood in the court of the Lord’s Temple...”
In Isaiah 27, Tannin is used as a synonym for the Leviathan.
Now to Revelation 19:11-18 Again, another reference to the Feast of Levyathan, in vs. 18
Revelation 19:11-16 “treads the winepress” of God’s wrath. If you look at Isaiah 63 you will see similar language. This passage also has a reference in Genesis.
Vs. 17-21 “all the birds were filled with their flesh” is a reference to the feast of Leviathan. This is the aftermath of the final Armageddon battle.
One key difference between Jewish eschatology and Christian is that in Jewish eschatology, the 7 years of horror, what is called by Christians “The Tribulation Period” falls as the first 7 years of the thousand year reign of Yeshua, the Birthpains of Messiah’s return, Chevlai Mashiach. The idea is that Messiah is directing these events from Heaven as He judges the nations of the world.
Here is a Messianic Jewish timeline for the first years of the Chevlai Mashiach, the thousand-year reign, which will commence on Rosh Hashanah of the year 6001. As Messiah Yeshua fulfilled the Spring Feasts perfectly during His earthly ministry, so He will fulfill the Fall Feasts as He unrolls the events of His return over the first seven years of His reign.
The Rapture will occur on the Rosh HaShanah of year 6001. The wedding and coronation of the Messiah (in Heaven) will then commence, involving this group of believers in Yeshua.
The following seven years will be horrific. Both Jewish and Christian eschatology agree strongly on this point.
Then…at the end of those seven years…
1. On Tishri 1, 6008 - - Yeshua returns to Mt. Sinai and begins His trek to Jerusalem during the Yamin Noraim, the 10 Days of Awe. The Battle of Bozrah will take place, along with other battles, which He will fight alongside His redeemed, and will win.
Along the way, He will collect the hidden believers, Jewish mainly, from their “hiding places”, those places they fled to at the midpoint of the Tribulation Period.
2. On Tishri 10, Yeshua arrives at Jerusalem. His feet will touch down on the Mount of Olives and split it in two halves, as prophesied in Scripture. The Battle of Jerusalem will ensue; but, it will be short. “He will slay them with the word of His mouth.” 2/3 of the people dwelling in Jerusalem will be killed.
3. Next, the FM and all who oppose the true Messiah and His rule, will be defeated by Yeshua. They will gather in the Valley of Hinnom, the Valley of Jehoshaphat, the Valley of Decision, for the greatest battle the world has ever seen or known. Yeshua’s forces will be victorious and the number of dead will be massive.
4. Judgment of the defeated demonic leaders. Lake of Fire for the Beast/FM/Antichrist (same being) and the False Prophet.
5. Feast of Levyathan (Leviathan) - - the vultures will eat the dead bodies for a long period of time. Luke 17:37 is where Yeshua prophesies about this event.
6. Ingathering of Galut (The Dispersion) - - 3 groups: The Lost Tribes, Gentile Believers and others.
Believers in Yeshua Messiah who came to faith in Him during the Tribulation and have been kept safe by God will emerge and join with the believers who returned to Earth with Yeshua and fought with Him over the past weeks.
7. Wedding Banquet (goes on while the Feast of Levytan is ongoing)
This is the fulfillment of the Sukkot Feast which Jews and believing followers of Yeshua have celebrated/rehearsed for hundreds of years. The covering of the sukkah is supposed to be such that one can catch glimpses of the sky through it. So things like tree branches, vines, etc. are frequently used. These are said to represent the skin of the Levyatan. If you consult the Siddur and the Sukkot Machzhor, regarding the taking down of the Sukkah, they quote Psalm 74:14, a verse about breaking in pieces the heads of Leviathan and giving them as food to the people inhabiting the wilderness. That psalm makes reference to the decisive victory at the Red Sea when it was supernaturally parted (victory over the sea monster); but again, this passage has a dual fulfillment, with the latter being in year 6008, with the defeat of Levyatan at the final battle of Armageddon.
Then, in the Machzor, these words: Farewell to the Sukkah: May it be your will, Hashem our God, and
the God of our forefathers, that just as I have fulfilled the mitzvah and dwelled in the sukkah, so may I
merit in the coming year to dwell in the succah of the skin of the Leviathan. Next year in Jerusalem! This is a reference to that future wedding banquet between Messiah Yeshua and His bride, His beloved ones.
See, everyone is invited to a banquet. Either you are the honored guests, (wedding banquet) or you are the meal (Feast of Levyatan.)
At Jewish weddings today, the betrothal and the wedding happen almost simultaneously. But, in ancient times, during the year-long betrothal the couple is legally married, although the marriage has not been consummated and
they are not cohabiting. Then, today, after the modern Jewish wedding, there is a big reception/banquet. By contrast, in ancient times, the celebrations went on for seven days, but the biggest banquet was at the very end of the 7-day period. This is analogous to the wedding banquet of Messiah Yeshua and His Church/Tzaddikim (righteous ones).
In Matthew 22:11-14, we find the parable of the insufficiently-dressed wedding guest. He is cast back from the banquet of the righteous to the Feast of Levythan in vs. 13-14.
Isaiah 18:3-5 This passage is a reference to the resurrection.
Vs. 6-7 reference the feast of Leviathan. Additionally, these verses also picture the Jews of America leaving the land of people “tall and strong” and making return to The Land.
Jeremiah 19:1-6
Vs. 7-9 Refers to the Feast of Leviathan
There are many chapters about the sea monster “Levyatan” and also about behemoth, which is a huge, ferocious land animal that also figures prominently in end-times prophetic Scriptures.
No other animals get nearly as much mention in the eschatological Scriptures.
Egypt and Pharaoh are prophetic pictures of leviathan.
Pharaoh is a type, a prophetic picture, of the FM.
See Isaiah 19:4, 14
Ezekiel 29:2-4. Note the pride of leviathan.
Ezekiel 32:2-3
Where the word is translated “monster” in these verses, it is actually the Hebrew word
“tannin”, which also means “leviathan”
Back to our Messianic end-times timeline - - -
The next event after the wedding banquet will be - -
8. The Rededication of the Temple complex closely followed by
9. The Construction of the Ezekiel Temple
10. The Remainder of the Chevlai haMashiach (The Millennium) 993 years or so…and Satan will be released to stir up trouble one, final time. He will be squelched, thoroughly defeated most quickly.
11. Then, the Last Judgment, the Great White Throne Judgment. The unrighteous dead will be raised and judged.
12. The old heavens and old earth will be destroyed by fire, at the direction of Hashem and then new heavens and the new earth will be revealed, coming down out of Heaven, Revelation chapters 21 and 22
11. The World to Come (Olam Haba) - - “eternity”
Now, in addition to these references we’ve looked at this morning from the Hebrew Scriptures and the Brit Chadasha, there are references from the book of 1 Enoch, a book studied by first century Jews and by first century followers of Yeshua. The half-brother of Yeshua, Jude, quoted this book in his book, for example.
1 Enoch 60:1-3 {14th of Tishri}
Verses 1-6 describe an end-times judgment. I love the verbiage of verse 6 - - - “that day is prepared, for the elect a covenant, but for sinners an inquisition.”
Vs. 7-9 And on that day were two monsters parted, a female monster named Leviathan, to dwell in the
abysses of the ocean over the fountains of the waters. But, the male is named Behemoth, who occupied
with his breast a waste wilderness named Duidain, on the east of the garden where the elect and
righteous dwell, where my grandfather was taken up, the seventh from Adam, the first man whom the L-rd of Spirits created. And, I besought the other angel that he show me the might of those monsters, how they were parted on one day and cast, the one into the abysses of the sea, and the other unto the dry land of the wilderness.”
Allright, well, that gives you a little deeper understanding of the concept of the Leviathan, a very prominent theme in Jewish eschatology. We are going to move on now to Psalm 105.
This psalm, according to the sages, was composed on the day that King David brought the Ark of the Covenant to its place in Jerusalem. Prior to this, it had been housed in the hone of Oved Edom. We can read about this story in 1 Chronicles 16:8-22. Let’s go look at that passage.
Before we read it, though, notice that verse 7, the verse just preceding, talks about how David determined that the foremost activity would be to give praise to Hashem, via the Levitical choir, led by Asaph and his brothers.
As I read verses 8 through 22, try to look at the first fifteen verses of Psalm 105, side by side.
8 Give thanks to Adonai! Call on his name!
Make his deeds known among the peoples.
9 Sing to him, sing praises to him!
Talk about all his wonders.
10 Glory in his holy name;
let those seeking Adonai have joyful hearts.
11 Seek Adonai and his strength;
always seek his presence.
12 Remember the wonders he has done,
his signs and his spoken judgments.
13 You descendants of Isra’el his servant,
you offspring of Ya‘akov, his chosen ones:
14 he is Adonai our God,
His judgments are everywhere on earth.
15 Remember his covenant forever,
the word he commanded to a thousand generations,
16 the covenant he made with Avraham;
the oath he swore to Yitz’chak
17 and established as a law for Ya‘akov,
for Isra’el as an everlasting covenant:
18 “To you I will give the land of Kena‘an
as your allotted heritage.”
19 When you were but few in number,
and not only few, but aliens there too,
20 wandering from nation to nation,
from this kingdom to that people,
21 he allowed no one to oppress them.
Yes, for their sakes he rebuked even kings:
22 “Don’t touch my anointed ones
or do my prophets harm!”
Did you compare the two passages as I read? If not, turn back now to the first fifteen verses of Psalm 105 and just scan over them. Pretty remarkable resemblance, wouldn’t you say? Furthermore, if you look at verses 23-33 of 1 Chronicles 16, you have an almost exact replica of Psalm 96.
Anyway, so you can see now why the sages associate this Psalm with that story, right? Makes sense.
When the ark first arrived at Jerusalem, before Solomon built the Temple, it was housed in a temporary tent. Every morning, it is said that the Levites sang Psalm 105 every morning, and Psalm 96 every evening. However, after the Temple was constructed, the Songs of the Day with respect to the days of the week and the special festivals were established.
Let’s read verses 16-25 of Psalm 105 now.
16 He called down famine on the land,
broke off all their food supply,
17 but sent a man ahead of them —
Yosef, who was sold as a slave.
18 They shackled his feet with chains,
and they bound him in irons;
19 until the time when his word proved true,
God’s utterance kept testing him.
20 The king sent and had him released,
the ruler of peoples set him free;
21 he made him lord of his household,
in charge of all he owned,
22 correcting his officers as he saw fit
and teaching his counselors wisdom.
23 Then Isra’el too came into Egypt,
Ya‘akov lived as an alien in the land of Ham.
24 There God made his people very fruitful,
made them too numerous for their foes,
25 whose hearts he turned to hate his people,
and treat his servants unfairly.
As you can see, these verses tell how Hashem directed the earth to not produce, so that famine came, the same famine which drove His people, the children of Jacob, to dwell in “the land of Ham”, as Egypt is referred to here. Ham was one of the sons of Noah, the one who received a curse on his head for his sexually immoral actions toward his father. Subsequently, when the three sons’ of Noah began to proliferate and re-settle the earth, Ham’s descendants went to North Africa, the land of Egypt, Put, Cush (which is Ethiopia), etc.
Yosef/Joseph’s role is described in these verses, and this section ends with a declaration that, despite their enslavement, the Hebrew people thrived in Egypt, being “very fruitful”.
Verse 25 verifies that Hashem sent an anti-Semitic spirit to turn the hearts of the Egyptians against His people, with the most infected one of them all being Pharaoh. I read recently that the first instance of anti-Semitism was perpetrated on Jacob by his uncle Laban, who was not a Hebrew, but was instead a polytheist. Now, we see the entire clan of Jacob being opposed by the same demonic anti-Semitic spirit.
Verses 26 through 36 detail some of the plagues Hashem sent, under the leadership of Moses and Aaron. Let’s read and see how many you can count.
26 He sent his servant Moshe
and Aharon, whom he had chosen.
27 They worked his signs among them,
his wonders in the land of Ham.
28 He sent darkness, and the land grew dark;
they did not defy his word.
29 He turned their water into blood
and caused their fish to die.
30 Their land swarmed with frogs,
even in the royal chambers.
31 He spoke, and there came swarms of insects
and lice throughout their land.
32 He gave them hail instead of rain,
with fiery [lightning] throughout their land.
33 He struck their vines and fig trees,
shattering trees all over their country.
34 He spoke, and locusts came,
also grasshoppers without number;
35 they ate up everything green in their land,
devoured the fruit of their ground.
36 He struck down all the firstborn in their land,
the firstfruits of all their strength.
The last and the most awful plague was a measure-for-measure retribution. Hashem had warned Pharaoh in Exodus 4:22-23 - - “Israel is my son, my first=born, and I say to you, let My son go that he may serve Me; and if you refuse to let him go, behold, I will slay your son, your first-born.”
The Jewish commentary, Midrash Shocher Tov, observes that it did not matter if you were a male or female human, if you were a firstborn dwelling in the land of Egypt, you were struck down in this plague. Also, the first-born of the cattle, the sheep, the goats … of every living thing, died in this plague. That was a lot of death.
The remaining verses, verses 37 through 45, detail the Exodus through the settling of the children of Israel in the land of Canaan. Let’s read them.
37 Then he led his people out,
laden with silver and gold;
among his tribes not one stumbled.
38 Egypt was happy to have them leave,
because fear of [Isra’el] had seized them.
39 He spread out a cloud to screen them off
and fire to give them light at night.
40 When they asked, he brought them quails
and satisfied them with food from heaven.
41 He split a rock, and water gushed out,
flowing as a river over the dry ground,
42 for he remembered his holy promise
to his servant Avraham.
43 He led out his people with joy,
his chosen ones with singing.
44 Then he gave them the lands of the nations,
and they possessed what peoples had toiled to produce,
45 in order to obey his laws
and follow his teachings.
Psalm 106 is a companion psalm to Psalm 105. Whereas Psalm 105 describes a large swath of the Hebrew people’s history, from leaving Canaan to spending over 200 years in Egypt, to the next 41 years into the wilderness and then untold early years in the Promised Land….Psalm 106 backs up a bit and digs a little deeper into the history of the years in the wilderness. Then, the latter section of this psalm describes the apostasy, the infidelity which the people of Israel dive into when they intermingle with the pagans of Canaan. And, it concludes with a prayer for redemption.
This psalm concludes the fourth section, or “books”, of the Psalms. The last verse is a fitting conclusion.
Let’s read this psalm together in its entirety.
106 Halleluyah!
Give thanks to Adonai; for he is good,
for his grace continues forever.
2 Who can express Adonai’s mighty doings
or proclaim in full his praise?
3 How happy are those who act justly,
who always do what is right!
4 Remember me, Adonai, when you show favor to your people,
keep me in mind when you save them;
5 so I can see how well things are going
with those whom you have chosen,
so that I can rejoice in your nation’s joy,
and glory in your heritage.
6 Together with our ancestors, we have sinned,
done wrong, acted wickedly.
7 Our ancestors in Egypt failed to grasp
the meaning of your wonders.
They didn’t keep in mind your great deeds of grace
but rebelled at the sea, at the Sea of Suf.
8 Yet he saved them for his own name’s sake,
to make known his mighty power.
9 He rebuked the Sea of Suf, and it dried up;
he led them through its depths as through a desert.
10 He saved them from hostile hands,
redeemed them from the power of the foe.
11 The water closed over their adversaries;
not one of them was left.
12 Then they believed his words,
and they sang his praise.
13 But soon they forgot his deeds
and wouldn’t wait for his counsel.
14 In the desert they gave way to insatiable greed;
in the wastelands they put God to the test.
15 He gave them what they wanted
but sent meagerness into their souls.
16 In the camp they were jealous of Moshe
and Aharon, Adonai’s holy one.
17 The earth opened up and swallowed Datan
and closed over Aviram’s allies.
18 A fire blazed out against that group,
the flames consumed the wicked.
19 In Horev they fashioned a calf,
they worshipped a cast metal image.
20 Thus they exchanged their Glory
for the image of an ox that eats grass!
21 They forgot God, who had saved them,
who had done great things in Egypt,
22 wonders in the land of Ham,
fearsome deeds by the Sea of Suf.
23 Therefore he said that he would destroy them,
[and he would have,] had not Moshe his chosen one
stood before him in the breach
to turn back his destroying fury.
24 Next, they rejected the beautiful land,
they didn’t trust his promise;
25 and they complained in their tents,
they didn’t obey Adonai.
26 Therefore, raising his hand, he swore to them
that he would strike them down in the desert
27 and strike down their descendants among the nations,
dispersing them in foreign lands.
28 Now they joined themselves to Ba‘al-P‘or
and ate meat sacrificed to dead things.
29 Thus they provoked him to anger with their deeds,
so that a plague broke out among them.
30 Then Pinchas stood up and executed judgment;
so the plague was checked.
31 That was credited to him as righteousness,
through all generations forever.
32 They angered him at the M’rivah Spring,
and Moshe suffered on their account;
33 for when they embittered his spirit,
[Moshe] spoke up without thinking.
34 They failed to destroy the peoples,
as Adonai had ordered them to do,
35 but mingled with the nations
and learned to follow their ways.
36 They went on to serve their idols,
which became a snare for them.
37 They even sacrificed their sons
and their daughters to demons.
38 Yes, they shed innocent blood,
the blood of their own sons and daughters,
whom they sacrificed to Kena‘an’s false gods,
polluting the land with blood.
39 Thus they were defiled by their deeds;
they prostituted themselves by their actions,
40 For this Adonai’s fury blazed up against his people,
and he detested his heritage.
41 He handed them over to the power of the nations,
and those who hated them ruled over them.
42 Their enemies oppressed them
and kept them in subjection to their power.
43 Many times [God] rescued them,
but they kept making plans to rebel.
Thus they were brought low
by their own wrongdoing.
44 Still he took pity on their distress
whenever he heard their cry.
45 For their sakes he kept in mind his covenant
and in his limitless grace relented,
46 causing them to be treated with compassion
by all who had taken them captive.
47 Save us, Adonai our God!
Gather us from among the nations,
so that we can thank your holy name
and glory in praising you.
48 Blessed be Adonai, the God of Isra’el,
from eternity past to eternity future.
Now let all the people say,
“Amen! Halleluyah!”
So, as you can see, even while Hashem was displaying his unfailing chesed (lovingkindness) toward the nation of Israel, the people were negligent in their duties toward Him, failing to appreciate His wonders, rebelling against His commands, defying His representatives, Moses and Aaron. All of this defiance and rebellion eventually led their exile from the Promised Land for 70 years, under the heavy hand of Babylon. And, although much of Judah returned at the end of that period, many did not, preferring to dwell in the land of the pagans than to return home.
Well, we are about out of time for today.
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